Others fled to Egypt during the war, with still others arriving in Egypt at the end of the war due to Israeli terrorism and intimidation. Egypt issued identification documents to Gaza’s refugee and nonrefugee populations. It was only the heavy sound of gunfire that broke the silence, which blanketed the quarantined refugee camp. See also al-Sarraj. Some Palestinians entered Egypt with visas obtained from the Egyptian Consulate in Jerusalem shortly after the UN decided to partition Palestine, while others fled to Cairo and were arrested by the Egyptian authorities at al-Abasiyah Camp and taken care of by Mohammad 'Ali Charitable Society. Most of the leading participants in the national rebellions of 1929 and 1936 against British policy in Palestine and the Zionist project acquired Egyptian citizenship. Concerning residency, Palestinian refugees in Egypt were divided into several categories according to the period of entry. A site for a school was chosen while teachers and a headmaster was elected from among the many who were ready to assume responsibility for the school. A few months ago, … With the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi assuming office, the number of Palestinian refugees from Syria in Egypt fell dramatically from 10,000 in 2012 and early 2013 to 6,000 as hundreds headed to Europe by sea through smuggling networks for large sums of money estimated at 3,000-5,000 dollars, and another 200 families entered the Gaza Strip via the Rafah … Treatment of Palestinians in Egypt One map detailing the Palestinian "diaspora" throughout the Middle East shows a Palestinian population of 35,000 in Egypt. About a third of the laborers were self-employed, with the remaining employed in the public or private sectors.30 The reason for the small number of workers in agriculture is related to the lack of cultivated land. Palestinian refugees leave Jewish Israel and settle in Gaza. Palestinians1 Laws were drawn up to advance British policy, which called for the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. A second radio station operated by Fateh was opened following the battle of al-Karama, Jordan in March 1968. 40-41. Members of both the Popular and Democratic Fronts for the Liberation of Palestine also faced arrest and deportation by the Egyptian security police. 11 Abdel Qader Yasin and Sari Hanafi, Olivieh Sanmartin, "Palestinians in Egypt in North Sinai", Ramallah, SHAML (Palestinian Diaspora and Refugee Center), 1996. Egypt is the only Arab country that has required Palestinians to regularly renew their residency status. A second writers' union, the General Union of Palestine Writers and Journalists, which was formed in Beirut in 1972, also opened a branch in Egypt. Those who were Willing to return to Gaza or go to another Arab Country and had insufficient income to do so . Many Palestinians found Egypt, which had gained some political independence, to be a refuge from the troubles in Palestine. 16 al-Sarraj, pp. The number of government scholarships to Palestinians at that time reached about 1,030. “Palestinians in Egypt suffer deficits of rights,” said Philippe Fargues, director of Migration and Refugees Studies at American University in Cairo. The circle of disabled families began to increase rapidly as a result of the many obstacles Palestinians faced especially in employment (see employment below). Les Cent Portes du Proche-Orient, Paris: éditions Autrement, 1986, p. Enrollment of Palestinian students in Egyptian universities increased rapidly until it reached 5,642 students (from the Gaza Strip only) in mid fifties and sixties.32 Palestinian and Egyptian students alike were exempt from university fees. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. See also al-Az'ar, pp. 8 'Awni Salam, "Estimate of the Palestinian Population in Egypt", Arab Palestinians in Egypt, pp.16-17. 2 This may explain that the majority of the camp inhabitants were originally from Jaffa. © 2017 Badil Center. UNRWA has received an in-kind contribution of rice, flour, and sunflower oil from the Egyptian Red Crescent (ERC) for distribution to poor refugees in Gaza. 23 Abdullah Kamal, Palestinians in Egypt, Refugees and Millionaires, Cairo: (13/9/1993), pp. In addition, the ERC has sent a consignment of 20 cartons of medicine for use in UNRWA’s health centres in Gaza. Most Palestinian refugees live in or near 68 Palestinian refugee camps across Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Under these restrictions, very few families were able to find a guarantor. 73-102. Residents of this camp were only allowed to see their relatives through the barbed wire around the camp via permits issued to their relatives. Palestinians and their descendants have never been naturalized and so keep the distinct status of Palestinian refugee. Overview. Some estimates placed the number of initial refugees at around 11,600. In 1976, Palestinians comprised the largest number (29.3%) of all non-Egyptian Arabs in Egypt. Unlike other foreigners, only those who had been married to Egyptian women for more, Commerce   The Egyptian Ministry of Social Affairs, meanwhile, assumed overall responsibility for the affairs of the camp residents. New legislation in 1978 stripped away the status of Palestinians; no longer were Palestinians considered to hold the same employment status as Egyptian nationals.25 The Ministry of Labor decided to bar Palestinians from trade and commerce. The Palestinians of Jaffa had no alternative but to flee in their boats standing off the coast. In 1984, legislation concerning the development of state income was adopted under which Palestinians were no longer considered to be Egyptian nationals. Egyptian travel documents held by Palestinians contain a list of countries to which travel is valid. 5 Ibid., pp. Nevertheless, other parties continue to garner support from Palestinians in Egypt. According to a report issued by the UN Refugee Agency, Egypt hosts Syrian, Sudanese, Ethiopian, Somali, Eritrean, Palestinian, and Iraqi refugees. According to a report issued by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Egypt hosts Syrian, Sudanese, Ethiopian, Somali, Eritrean, Palestinian, and Iraqi refugees. Unprotected: Palestinians in Egypt since 1948, 2009 9. This prohibition included voluntary work. This paper provides background information on the history of the Palestinian refugee issue and the politics of the right of return. Palestinian Refugees in Egypt Palestinian refugees in Egypt still face many challenges and discrimination, writes Mahmoud Omar. After the murder of the well-known Egyptian writer Yousef al-Seba'i in Larnaka, Cyprus on 18 February 1978, by Abu Nidal, the persecution of Palestinians increased. The station, however, was later re-opened. According the Interior Ministry there were 89,000 Palestinians in this category. Egyptian Red Crescent donates food and medicine for refugees in Gaza 19 January 2012 UNRWA has received an in-kind contribution of rice, flour, and sunflower oil from the Egyptian Red Crescent (ERC) for distribution to poor refugees in Gaza. 3 Dr. Salah Abdel-Jaber Issa, "The Arabs in Egypt According to the Censuses (1897-1986)", Magazine for Arab Studies and Research, Cairo, #219, 1991, pp. Egyptian security forces transferred the Palestinian refugees from al-Mazarita to a military camp in a place near al-Kantara on the eastern side of the Sinai desert, which had been abandoned by the British army. Since the early 1960s, many Palestinians who were active in the Palestine Student's Union became active leaders of the resistance including, for example, Yasser Arafat, Salah Khalaf, Farouq al-Kadoumi, Tayseer Koba'a, Amin al-Hindi, Zuhair al-Khateb, Nadim Khoury, Mo'in Basaso, Lutfi Ghantos and Dr. Kamal al-Khalidi. UNHCR planning figures for December 2015 place the number of refugees in Egypt at around 228,200 (asylum seekers make up an additional 22,370). This new status created a lot of difficulties for Palestinians passing through the Egyptian border, including lengthy waiting periods. After 1967, assistance for Palestinians with an income of 7,965 Egyptian pounds discontinued affecting about 1,417 families with 8,017 members.18. Following the signing of the Accords hundreds of Palestinian students were arrested and imprisoned in Cairo, Alexandria, and Asyut. During that time, British Mandate authorities had begun to prepare Palestine for the Zionist project. 31 Ibid. 26-29. 25, No. 4 L.A. 49-51. 9Ibid., p.16. More Jews became refugees than Arab-Palestinians as a result of being kicked out of the Arab states, where they resided long before the Islamic invasion. 4). [ Alain Gresh et Dominique Vidal. There was no census of refugees in 1948, in part because of concerns about the refugee presence in the country. Palestinians in Egypt also organized unions. Once the invasion began in May 1948, most Arabs remaining in Palestine left for neighboring countries. As fear and chaos spread throughout Palestine, the early trickle of refugees became a flood, numbering more than 200,000 by the time the provisional government declared the independence of the State of Israel. Approximately 750,000 Palestinians were displaced and became refugees as a result of the 1948 war. Palestinians fled to Egypt after the wars of 1948, 1956 and 1967. Another union for workers' rights was also established in 1965, but shifted its activities to Damascus after the Camp David Accords. Students, the sick, and families of the deceased were also given assistance. Another group of refugees reached Egypt as a result of the Suez Crisis in 1956. Many Palestinians who possess Egyptian travel documents are forbidden from entering Egypt and thus find residence and employment elsewhere. The General Union of Palestinian Writers adopted Cairo as its center following its establishment in 1966. This branch continued until the Camp David Accords when four of its member were arrested and deported. Some Palestinians, mostly Christians,[1] received Egyptian citizenship through marriage with Egyptian nationals or by other means. 56-57. A. UNHCR planning figures for December 2015 place the number of refugees in Egypt at around 228,200 (asylum seekers make up an additional 22,370). 6 Ibid. Approximately 20 Palestinians owned medium sized factories; another 55 owned real estate, including hotels, while 15 owned farms. Palestinians began to face an increasing number of obstacles and legal restrictions reminiscent of the collective punishment used by British Mandate authorities and Zionist forces in Palestine during the Second World War (1939-1945) and after 1967 in the West Bank and Gaza. Those Palestinians who had sufficient financial resources and/or those who were less connected to their homeland left the country due to these conditions. CAIRO — Palestinian refugees in Egypt continue to face major obstacles, including formidable travel restrictions and a lack of access to basic government services, such as free education. 35-37. Palestinians in Iraq have recently had to endure acts of vengeance including killings, evacuation and deportation. As soon as the policemen hit the water, a loud shout came from the camp calling for the downfall of king Farouq. 3118 at the Ministry of Social Affairs, Cairo, (1998), pp. Palestinians in Egypt refers to the Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled to Egypt during the 1948 Palestine war, and their descendants, as well as Palestinians expelled from Jordan, following the events of Black September. Powered by, Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Palestine (Issue No.2, Summer 1999). Families with more than eight members also received additional support.17, In October 1954, the Higher Committee responsible for Palestinian refugee affairs held a meeting with representatives of the Egyptian Red Crescent and several international NGOs and agreed that assistance would be provided for 5,000 refugees annually. Palestinians also worked in the service sector in restaurants, hotels etc.22 During the 1960s, moreover, opportunities abounded for investment by Palestinian capitalists. In 1963, about fifty Palestinian women formed the Palestinian Women's League, which eventually became part of The General Union of the Palestinian Woman in 1965. The 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict marked the beginning of a long journey for Palestinians. 4 By 1960, the number of Palestinian refugees in Egypt had reached about 15,500 and were distributed over 14 Egyptian districts. 28 Ibid. Country of asylum is the country where an … On January 14, 2021, outgoing Secretary of State Mike Pompeo tweeted about Palestinian refugees, proclaiming “ (less than) 200,000 Arabs displaced in 1948 are still alive and most others are not refugees by any rational criteria.” In 1954, a series of laws were drawn up which accorded Palestinians the same employment rights as Egyptian nationals. In 1974, Egyptian authorities closed down the party's radio station after it aired criticism of Egyptian acceptance of the Roger's Plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict. The signing of the armistice agreement between Egypt and Israel had made this transfer possible for the first time since the refugees left their homes and lands in Palestine. The al-Mazarita incident was only the beginning. 17-18. Discrimination against Palestinians was relaxed somewhat with the 1952 revolution. The unemployment rate among Palestinian refugees is staggering. Palestinian members of the communist parties faced a similar fate after the Camp David Accords. Another site was chosen to build a mosque and still another to build a playground for the children at the camp. After more than a year, residents of the camp began to search for ways to provide for their basic needs. The Society also supported income-generating projects and training programs.19 The Palestinian Red Crescent has provided further assistance for medical treatment and distribution of medications with the help of the Palestine hospital in Cairo. Only Fateh was allowed to work openly along with 25 members of the Palestinian National Council. In 1965-1966 about 1,192 students received 48 Egyptian pounds each (about US$110). 22 Issa. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. The Popular Front, on the other hand, had to secretly open an office in Cairo under the name of the Bahranian Liberation Front. They also planted the land. Palestinians were also denied the right to own cultivated land.27 Egyptian women married to Palestinians were treated the same way. 10Brand, pp. 12Ibid. 27 Law #104 of 1985. Permission to open a radio station, The Voice of Palestine, was granted by Egyptian authorities in the same year. Egypt has opened the Rafah crossing on Sunday 16 May to receive injured Palestinians from the Gaza Strip with 16 ambulances ready to transport them to Egyptian hospitals where they can receive medical care, state-run news agency MENA reports. Those who fled to Egypt found themselves in very difficult conditions. “Residency Status and Civil Rights of Palestinian Refugees in Arab Countries,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. Each new conflict or dispute with Zionist forces or the British Mandate authorities brought a new wave of Palestinians seeking refuge in Egypt. The Egyptian Administration of GazaBy signing the Rhodes Armistice, Egypt controlled Gaza city and its environs, now known as the Gaza Strip. Some estimates placed the number of initial refugees at around 11,600. This opposition finds substance in the writings of Palestinians like Dr. Ahmed Sudki al-Dajani, Moh'd Khalid al-Az'ar and the author. (Including restaurants and hotels), than five years were excluded from these two decisions. These groups had besieged the city on three sides, leaving the remaining side, the Mediterranean Sea, as a free passage for the Palestinians to escape. 1 The general term Palestinians is used for brevity. Three buses have already crossed through the Rafah terminal carrying 263 Palestinians, reports Reuters. 24 Salam, p. 18. All rights reserved. Sufficient information was not available to classify 214 families.16. 13 Under the 1960 law was categories into special, ordinary and temporary, with most Palestinians qualifying only for the temporary permit. Some 50,000 Palestinian refugees live in Egypt without the assistance or protection of the UN and burdened by many restrictive laws and regulations. As soon as the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed in summer of 1964, it adopted Cairo as a center for its offices. All 7,000 residents were transferred to a waiting train, which transported them to al-Maghazi camp2 near Deir al-Balah. 14 Moh'd Khaled al-Az'ar, "Palestinians in Egypt between the Present and the Future," Arab Palestinians in Egypt, p.109. Residents of the camp were not allowed to leave the camp unless they could find an Egyptian guarantor who had to prove to Egyptian security officials that he would be responsible for the Palestinian family, including the provision of food, clothing and shelter. This number soon reached 7,000 refugees. The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military rule from 1949 to 1956 and again from 1957 to 1967. These new laws drove many Palestinians to the Gulf States.28, According to a 1985 census, 86.5% of all Palestinians (above the age of six) were employed.29 Women comprised only 8.1% of all Palestinian laborers. After the war in 1967, the Egyptian authorities allowed Fateh to work in public. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency. They migrated to Palestine for jobs Palestinian-Jews created during the Mandatory period. became the victims of these laws, which resulted in economic, social, political, cultural and cooperative hardships and losses for the Palestinian community. 1-4. It is almost impossible to determine the exact number of Palestinian refugees in Egypt. Only a small number of families (approximately 30) received support from the PLO in response to their deteriorating economic conditions, with the exception of families of Palestinian martyrs who were provided with a monthly income of between 250 and 960 Egyptian pounds. According to United Nations, Palestinians form the largest refugee community in Egypt. Initially, Palestinians who fled to Egypt were forbidden to work. 26 Salam, p. 18. This attitude resulted in discrimination against the Palestinian refugees in many areas: residence, travel, and, of course, employment. During the summer of 1949, the Egyptian Minister of Education 'Ali Ayoub visited the camp. All rights reserved. A few days after this event, trucks arrived at the camp. Moreover, the legal status of Palestinians in the country has been connected, first with the whole political and security situation, and second with the nationalist leanings of the ruling authorities. Following the 1948 war, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) was established by the U.N. General … Many others invested in construction.23 Between 1967 and 1973, Palestinians in Egypt owned about 222 commercial establishments, including 58 restaurants and shops, 74 clothing and jewelry shops, 32 tourist agencies and trading offices, 46 leather factories and many others in manufacturing.24, The advent of the Sadat regime with the sudden death of Nasser in 1970, however, brought with it a period in which life became more and more difficult for Palestinians. The large majority of the boats sailed toward the south. In Fadel Island, a humble village in a remote area of Egypt's Sharqia governorate about five hours by car from Cairo, resides a community of second-generation Palestinian refugees. In Fadel Island, a humble village in a remote area of Egypt's Sharqia governorate about five hours by car from Cairo, resides a community of second-generation Palestinian refugees. 18 Ibid., p. 38. Some estimates placed the number of initial refugees at around 11,600.4By 1960, the number of Palestinian refugees in Egypt had reached about 15,500 and were distributed over 14 Egyptian districts.5 The number of Palestinians climbed to 33,000 in 1969. There was also an earlier wave of Palestinian immigration, in which Palestinian Christians settled in Egypt and other surrounding countries, fleeing genocides during the Ottoman era, along with Lebanese and Syrians, forming what was known as the "Shawam" (شوام) Christian community. According to a report issued by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Egypt hosts Syrian, Sudanese, Ethiopian, Somali, Eritrean, Palestinian, and Iraqi refugees. (New York) -Egypt has detained over 1,500 refugees from Syria, including at least 400 Palestinians and 250 children as young as two months old, for weeks and sometimes months. Residents, who had become frustrated with the poor living conditions in the camp, demonstrated and demanded that the government transfer them back to Gaza. UNRWA is funded almost entirely by voluntary contributions from UN Member States. Palestinian refugees leave Jewish Israel and settle in Gaza. In the early 60s, Palestinians in Egypt were employed as professionals in industry, economics, construction, and other areas. In Lebanon, 56 percent of Palestinian refugees are unemployed. The Public Prosecution ordered the defendants to be detained for four days in pre-trial detention on charges of kidnapping, […] in the city. 3 (Spring, 1996), 36-45 “Unprotected Among Bothers: Palestinians in the Arab World,” University of Oxford, Refugee Studies In her book, El-Abed indicates that there are two types of the document entitled "Egyptian Travel Document for Palestinian Refugees": one for Palestinians residing in Egypt, and another for Palestinians who "never had" residency rights in Egypt (El-Abed 2009, Ch. The Egyptian authorities did not grant refugees on the Gaza Strip any special legal status. Egypt issued identification documents to Gaza’s refugee and nonrefugee populations. Before the COVID-19 outbreak, the majority of refugees and asylum-seekers in Egypt were already highly vulnerable, with seven out of 10 refugees unable to meet their basic needs and often forced to adopt negative coping mechanisms such as incurring debt or reducing expenditure on food and other essential items to survive. The total number of Palestinians residing in Egypt reached 135,000-145,000.7 The number of Palestinians holding Egyptian travel permits reached 257,000 in 1996,8 but this number cannot be regarded as the exact number of Palestinians in Egypt. The Egyptian authorities did not grant refugees on the Gaza Strip any special legal status. Unprotected: Palestinians in Egypt since 1948, 2009 9. Since that incident, Egyptian security - in addition to other Egyptian ministries - has assumed responsibility for the Palestinians in Egypt. Palestinian refugees in Egypt Recently, however, Arab activists have stumbled upon a sizeable group of 1948 Palestinian refugees in Egypt. Medication was also covered. 1. Assistance to Palestinian families of martyrs from the 'Ayn Jaloot Units, however, was not provided by the All Palestine Government in Gaza even though payments had been made into the provident fund. Egypt’s Public Prosecution released a statement on Friday announcing the arrest of four suspects accused of kidnapping and abusing three South Sudanese minors and holding them against their will in the Aim Shams area last week. In Egypt, unlike Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gaza and the West Bank where refugee camps were built especially for Palestinian refugees, UNRWA only operates a liaison office. It wasn't long before news of the incident reached Cairo and the social figures of the Palestinian community, mostly from Jaffa1, trotted to 'Abdeen Palace in order to record their names in a book of honor and apologize for the actions of the Palestinians held under quarantine. At more than 90 years old, Haj Farahat - pictured here in 2015 - is one of the very few remaining Palestinian refugees who fled to Egypt escaping the 1948 war (MEE/Ibrahim Ahmad) By . A border officer stamps the passport of a Palestinian passenger on the Egyptian side of the Rafah border crossing over to Gaza at Rafah city, some 350 km (217 miles) northeast of Cairo, Aug. 10, 2012. 3 (Spring, 1996), 36-45 “Unprotected Among Bothers: Palestinians in the Arab World,” University of Oxford, Refugee Studies Conversely, many of the Palestinian refugees were relative newcomers to Mandatory Palestine. The eastern and southern ends of the camp were hemmed in by the sand of Sinai desert. Additionally, Palestinians themselves preferred to stay in the Egyptian cities rather than the countryside. Palestinians were divided into five groups according to their living conditions list in the following table. Under the new regulations Palestinians were required to pay a fee of 42.5 Egyptian pounds for annual residency. In 1978, the Egyptian Minister of Education announced that Palestinians would not be allowed to study at government schools. Prior to traveling outside of Egypt, Palestinians must obtain a visa in order to re-enter the country. Palestinians were expelled en masse from Kuwait in 1991 and from Libya in 1995. According to ration cards held by families in groups C and D, each member received basic staples like flour, oil, and milk. The two stations were unified a year later. Very few families in group B held ration cards. Families in Group D received additional financial support (not including emergency allowances) up to a maximum of 5 Egyptian pounds per month. 17 Ibid. The number of Palestinians entering Egypt for medical care is not recorded, said Maysa Ayoub, assistant director of Migration and Refugees Studies at American University in Cairo. For now, evidence is anecdotal and dependent on individuals' stories, like AlBna's. Egypt, Mauritania and Qatar renew support for UNRWA 09 December 2009 Lex Takkenberg, The Status of Palestinian Refugees in International Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, p. 152. From the beginning of the British Mandate in Palestine in the summer of 1922, Egypt had been the most attractive place of refuge for Palestinians. Palestinians in Egypt continue to suffer and endure, increasing their desire for an independent state in which their rights will be secured and where they will be free from the anxiety of expulsion and transfer. 20 Laws #415-416, #481 and #537 respectively. A number of Palestinian writers and journalists were also arrested and deported to Baghdad at their own expense. As of 2005, the UN has recorded 70,255 Palestinian refugees living in the country. Powered by Hasan Abu Latifa. Those who entered Egypt before 1948. Egypt classifies them as foreigners, but shies away from calling them refugees and placing them under the mandate of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees… This incident happened in al-Mazarita at the southeast end of Port Said where Egyptian security police had gathered hundreds of Palestinians who had fled Jaffa in late April 1948 as a result of the horrors committed by Zionist groups (Haganah, Stern Gang, etc.) p. 18. Most of them directed their efforts, therefore, towards industry, commerce and other similar sectors. Jordanians at that time formed about 5.65% of all Arabs in Egypt.6 A high percentage of Jordanians were Palestinians holding the Jordanian citizenship since they were settled either in the East or West Bank of the Jordan River. Members of the camp were hemmed in by the Society a series of laws were drawn up accorded. Conflict or dispute with Zionist forces or the British Mandate, Jews, Greeks, and! 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